纳瓦尔宝典来源于Naval的Twitter
Naval把后面的采访做podcast的集合贴到了他的blog,地址:搜索naval blog
读该blog,英语渣翻译,记录一下
Naval把后面的采访做podcast的集合贴到了他的blog,地址:搜索naval blog
读该blog,英语渣翻译,记录一下
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Naval:是的,完全正确。因为这个世界是一个非常高效的地方,大家已经挖掘过所有明显的地方,所以,要想发现新的、独特的东西,就需要在一个独特的领域里操作。
在这种地方,你必须有点不一样,才能走上没人走过的路,然后你还得愿意比别人挖得更深,深得看似不理智,只是因为你对它感兴趣。
Nivi:是的,我看到的表达这种运气的两个名言,除了那句Benjamin Disraeli的话外,还有Sam Altman的那句:“极端的人得到极端的结果。”我觉得这句话很有意思。还有斯坦福大学教授Jeffrey Pfeffer的一句话:“你不能是普通人,却期待不寻常的回报。”我一直很喜欢这句话。
Naval:对,另外,我还喜欢一句完全相反的话:“玩愚蠢的游戏,赢愚蠢的奖品。”很多人花费大量时间在社交游戏上,比如在Twitter上,试图提升自己的社交地位,结果只是赢得一些毫无价值的愚蠢社交奖品。
Nivi:我想,这篇博客文章最后一个观点就是,追求这些类型的运气,尤其是最后一种——基本上除了“傻运”之外的所有运气——通过追求它们,你基本上耗尽了不幸。所以,如果你只是不断地搅动局面,不停地去做,那本身你就能耗尽不幸。
Naval:对,或者它也可能只是回归均值。这样,你至少把运气中和了,最终会是你的才能发挥作用。
你必须有点不一样,才能走上没人走过的路
Nivi:在这篇博客文章中提到的关于第四种运气的几个有趣的点,我觉得很适合让听众了解——第四种运气几乎是来源于你做事的古怪方式,而这种古怪并不一定是坏事,在这种情况下,反而是一件好事。Naval:是的,完全正确。因为这个世界是一个非常高效的地方,大家已经挖掘过所有明显的地方,所以,要想发现新的、独特的东西,就需要在一个独特的领域里操作。
在这种地方,你必须有点不一样,才能走上没人走过的路,然后你还得愿意比别人挖得更深,深得看似不理智,只是因为你对它感兴趣。
Nivi:是的,我看到的表达这种运气的两个名言,除了那句Benjamin Disraeli的话外,还有Sam Altman的那句:“极端的人得到极端的结果。”我觉得这句话很有意思。还有斯坦福大学教授Jeffrey Pfeffer的一句话:“你不能是普通人,却期待不寻常的回报。”我一直很喜欢这句话。
Naval:对,另外,我还喜欢一句完全相反的话:“玩愚蠢的游戏,赢愚蠢的奖品。”很多人花费大量时间在社交游戏上,比如在Twitter上,试图提升自己的社交地位,结果只是赢得一些毫无价值的愚蠢社交奖品。
Nivi:我想,这篇博客文章最后一个观点就是,追求这些类型的运气,尤其是最后一种——基本上除了“傻运”之外的所有运气——通过追求它们,你基本上耗尽了不幸。所以,如果你只是不断地搅动局面,不停地去做,那本身你就能耗尽不幸。
Naval:对,或者它也可能只是回归均值。这样,你至少把运气中和了,最终会是你的才能发挥作用。
You have to be a little eccentric to be out on the frontier by yourself
There were a couple other interesting things about this kind of luck that were mentioned in the blog post, I think it’ll be good for the listeners to hear about is that, this fourth kind of luck can almost come out of eccentric ways that you do your things and that eccentricity is not necessarily a bad thing in this case. In fact, it’s a good thing.
Naval: Yeah, absolutely. Because the world is a very efficient place, so, everyone has dug through all the obvious places to dig and so to find something that’s new and novel and uncovered, it helps to be operating on a frontier.
Where right there you have to be a little eccentric to be out on the frontier by yourself, and then you have to be willing to dig deeper than other people do, deeper than seems rational just because you’re interested.
Nivi: Yeah, the two quotes that I’ve seen that express this kind of luck in addition to that Benjamin Disraeli one, are this one from Sam Altman where he said, “extreme people get extreme results.” I think that’s pretty nice. And then there’s this other one from Jeffrey Pfeffer, who is a professor at Stanford that, “you can’t be normal and expect abnormal returns.” I’ve always enjoyed that one too.
Naval: Yeah. And one quote that I like which is the exact opposite of that is, “play stupid games win stupid prizes.” A lot of people spend a lot of their time playing social games like on Twitter where you’re trying to improve your social standing and you basically win stupid social prizes which are worthless.
Nivi: I guess the last thing that I have from this blog post is the idea that by pursuing these kinds of luck especially the last one, basically everything but dumb luck, by pursuing them you essentially run out of unluck. So, if you just keep stirring the pot and stirring the pot, that alone you will run out of unluck.
Naval: Yeah, or it could just be reversion to the mean. So, then you at least neutralized luck so that it’s your own talents that come into play.
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同样地,如果你是一个值得信赖、可靠、有远见、有诚信的长期交易撮合者,那么当别人想要达成交易,却不知道怎么和陌生人建立信任时,他们就会来找你,直接把机会送到你面前,甚至愿意分你一杯羹,只因为你已经建立了值得信赖的声誉和人格。
比如 沃伦·巴菲特(Warren Buffett),他能拿到各种别人拿不到的交易机会——收购公司、认购权证、拯救银行等等,这些都是因为他的声誉。
当然,这些东西也很脆弱,因为它们承载着责任和品牌价值,我们稍后会谈到这意味着你必须承担相应的责任。
但我想说的是:你的人格、你的声誉,这些都是你可以主动去塑造和积累的东西。等你拥有这些之后,别人眼中所谓的“好运”,你知道其实不是运气,而是你通过自己一点一滴的建设换来的。
Nivi:你之前说,第四种运气更像是一种“命运”。Marc 那篇博文引用了一句出自本杰明·迪斯雷利(Benjamin Disraeli,曾任英国首相)的话来描述这种运气:“我们创造了自己的财富,然后把它叫做命运。”
塑造你的人格,让机会主动找上你
Naval:我认为在赚钱这件事上,有一个非常关键的因素是:你需要建立起一种声誉,让人们愿意通过你来促成交易。我举个例子:如果你是一个非常厉害的潜水员,那么当寻宝者发现宝藏时,就会找上你,请你帮忙打捞,并分你一部分宝藏,因为你具备那种别人没有的技能。同样地,如果你是一个值得信赖、可靠、有远见、有诚信的长期交易撮合者,那么当别人想要达成交易,却不知道怎么和陌生人建立信任时,他们就会来找你,直接把机会送到你面前,甚至愿意分你一杯羹,只因为你已经建立了值得信赖的声誉和人格。
比如 沃伦·巴菲特(Warren Buffett),他能拿到各种别人拿不到的交易机会——收购公司、认购权证、拯救银行等等,这些都是因为他的声誉。
当然,这些东西也很脆弱,因为它们承载着责任和品牌价值,我们稍后会谈到这意味着你必须承担相应的责任。
但我想说的是:你的人格、你的声誉,这些都是你可以主动去塑造和积累的东西。等你拥有这些之后,别人眼中所谓的“好运”,你知道其实不是运气,而是你通过自己一点一滴的建设换来的。
Nivi:你之前说,第四种运气更像是一种“命运”。Marc 那篇博文引用了一句出自本杰明·迪斯雷利(Benjamin Disraeli,曾任英国首相)的话来描述这种运气:“我们创造了自己的财富,然后把它叫做命运。”
Build your character so opportunity finds you
One of the things I think that is important to making money, when you want the kind of reputation that makes people do deals through you. I use the example of like, if you’re a great diver then treasure hunters will come and give you a piece of the treasure for your diving skills.
If you’re a trusted, reliable, high-integrity, long-term thinking deal maker, then when other people want to do deals but they don’t know how to do them in a trustworthy manner with strangers, they will literally approach you and give you a cut of the deal or offer you a unique deal just because of the integrity and reputation that you have built up.
Warren Buffett, he gets offered deals, and he gets to buy companies, and he gets to buy warrants, and bailout banks and do things that other people can’t do because of his reputation.
But of course that’s fragile. It has accountability on the line, it has a strong brand on the line, and as we will talk about later, that comes with accountability attached.
But I would say your character, your reputation, these are things that you can build that then will let you take up advantage of opportunities that other people may characterize as lucky but you know that it wasn’t luck.
Nivi: You said that this fourth kind of luck is more or less a destiny. There’s a quote from that original book that was in Marc’s blog posts from Benjamin Disraeli, who I think was the former prime minister of the UK. The quote to describe this kind of luck was, “we make our fortunes and we call them fate.”
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而对于第四种运气——那种由你独特的行动方式带来的运气——却没有一个固定的俗语来形容。
比如,前三种运气中,第一种叫“傻运”或“盲目运气”。第二种运气有一句俗语:“运气偏爱勇者”(fortune favors the bold),指的是一个人通过行动和冒险获得运气。第三种运气则是“机会偏爱有准备的头脑”(chance favors the prepared mind)。
但对于第四种运气——那种来源于你独特人格和行动方式的运气——并没有一个普遍的俗语来描述。我觉得这很有意思,也许这正是一个机会,同时也说明了人们并没有真正充分利用这种运气。
Naval:我认为到了这个层次,运气就变得如此确定性强,它不再是“运气”。所以,定义开始从“运气”模糊为“命运”。因此,我会把第四种运气描述为:你通过某种方式塑造自己的人格,然后你的人格最终决定了你的命运。
让运气成为你的命运
通过塑造自己的人格,让运气变得可预测
Nivi:我觉得很有意思的是,你提到的前三种运气,每种都有大家都知道的常见俗语。而对于第四种运气——那种由你独特的行动方式带来的运气——却没有一个固定的俗语来形容。
比如,前三种运气中,第一种叫“傻运”或“盲目运气”。第二种运气有一句俗语:“运气偏爱勇者”(fortune favors the bold),指的是一个人通过行动和冒险获得运气。第三种运气则是“机会偏爱有准备的头脑”(chance favors the prepared mind)。
但对于第四种运气——那种来源于你独特人格和行动方式的运气——并没有一个普遍的俗语来描述。我觉得这很有意思,也许这正是一个机会,同时也说明了人们并没有真正充分利用这种运气。
Naval:我认为到了这个层次,运气就变得如此确定性强,它不再是“运气”。所以,定义开始从“运气”模糊为“命运”。因此,我会把第四种运气描述为:你通过某种方式塑造自己的人格,然后你的人格最终决定了你的命运。
Make Luck Your Destiny
Build your character in a way that luck becomes deterministic
Nivi: I think it’s pretty interesting that the first three kinds of luck that you described there are very common cliches for them that everybody knows. And then for that last kind of luck that comes to you out of the unique way that you act, there’s no real cliche for it.
So, for the first three kinds, there’s “dumb luck,” or “blind luck.” That’s the first kind of luck. The second kind of luck there’s the cliché that “fortune favors the bold.” That’s a person who gets lucky just by stirring the pot and acting. The third kind of luck, people say that “chance favors the prepared mind.”
But for the fourth kind of luck, there isn’t a common cliché out there that matches the unique character of your action, which I think is interesting and perhaps an opportunity and it also shows that people aren’t necessarily taking advantage of that kind of luck the way they should be.
Naval: I think also at that point, it starts becoming so deterministic that it stops being luck. So, the definition starts fading from luck to more destiny. So, I would characterize that fourth one as you build your character in a certain way and then your character becomes your destiny.
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就像 Nenad(illacertus) 这样的人,他正在建立自己的网络个人品牌,制作视频。并不是说哪一支视频会让他一夜之间富得流油。而是需要一辈子的学习、阅读、创作不断积累,这些最终会产生复利效应。
我们之所以讨论“变得富有”,是因为那能带来自由——这种“退休”并不是指你什么都不做,而是你不需要再被迫做什么。你不需要去你不想去的地方,不需要做你不想做的事。你可以想什么时候起床就什么时候起床,想什么时候睡觉就什么时候睡觉,你没有老板。这就是自由。
我们讨论的,是足以让你获得自由的财富。特别是在当今这个互联网时代,机会已经极度充沛。实际上,我现在有太多赚钱的方式了,时间都不够用了。我每天都有无数的机会涌现,根本处理不过来。
创造财富的方式太多了:创造产品、创办公司、制造机会……这些行为的副产品就是,你会被社会支付报酬。这样的机会已经多到我无法全部应对。
财富是一点一滴积累起来的,而不是一夜暴富
我个人的财富,并不是靠某一年大赚特赚来的。它是一点一点、一筹一筹地积累起来的。更多的选择、更多的生意、更多的投资、更多我能做的事情。就像 Nenad(illacertus) 这样的人,他正在建立自己的网络个人品牌,制作视频。并不是说哪一支视频会让他一夜之间富得流油。而是需要一辈子的学习、阅读、创作不断积累,这些最终会产生复利效应。
我们之所以讨论“变得富有”,是因为那能带来自由——这种“退休”并不是指你什么都不做,而是你不需要再被迫做什么。你不需要去你不想去的地方,不需要做你不想做的事。你可以想什么时候起床就什么时候起床,想什么时候睡觉就什么时候睡觉,你没有老板。这就是自由。
我们讨论的,是足以让你获得自由的财富。特别是在当今这个互联网时代,机会已经极度充沛。实际上,我现在有太多赚钱的方式了,时间都不够用了。我每天都有无数的机会涌现,根本处理不过来。
创造财富的方式太多了:创造产品、创办公司、制造机会……这些行为的副产品就是,你会被社会支付报酬。这样的机会已经多到我无法全部应对。
Wealth stacks up one chip at a time, not all at once
My personal wealth has not been generated by one big year. It stacks up little bit, chips at a time. More options, more businesses, more investments, more things that I can do.
Same way that someone like Nenad, illacertus, he’s building his brand online. He’s building videos. It’s not like any one video is going to suddenly shower him with riches overnight. It’s going to be a long lifetime of learning, of reading, of creating that’s going to compound.
We’re talking about getting wealthy so you can retire, so you have your freedom. Not retire in the sense that you don’t do anything. But in the sense that you don’t have to be any place you don’t want to be, you don’t have to do anything you don’t want to do, you can wake up when you want, you can sleep when you want, you don’t have a boss. That’s freedom.
We’re talking about enough wealth to get to freedom. Especially thanks to the Internet these days, though, opportunities are massively abundant. I, in fact, have too many ways to make money, I don’t have enough time. I have opportunities pouring out of my ears and the thing I keep running out of is time.
There’s just so many ways to create wealth, to create products, to create businesses, to create opportunities, and to, as a byproduct, get paid by society that I can’t even handle it all.
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Naval:不,我不觉得那不可能。你可能只是需要根据自己的起点努力得更辛苦一些。我自己就是从印度的一个贫穷小孩开始的,所以如果我能做到,从某种意义上说,任何人都可以做到。
当然,我有些先决条件是具备的,比如我四肢健全、头脑正常,也接受了教育。有些最基本的条件确实是必要的,没法绕过。但如果你正在收听这个视频或播客,说明你很可能已经拥有了这些最基本的条件:一个健康的身体和清晰的头脑。
而我这一路上其实也遇到了很多“坏运气”。我第一次赚到一点小钱,马上就在股市中亏光了。第二次本可以赚到一些钱,结果被商业合伙人骗了。一直到第三次,我才真正有所收获。
而即便是这第三次,也不是一夜暴富,而是缓慢而持续的努力。我这辈子从来没有一次性赚到一大笔钱,都是很多小成果积累起来的。更重要的是,我一直在持续创造财富——通过创办公司、抓住机会、投资项目,一点一点积累起来。这不是靠某次幸运的“大爆发”,而是一点一点踏实积累出来的成果。
在1000个平行宇宙中,你希望有999个自己都能变得富有
Nivi:你能详细讲讲这个观点吗?“在1000个平行宇宙中,你希望在999个宇宙里都能变得富有。”我觉得有些人听到这句话会说,“这听起来不太可能,太理想化了。”Naval:不,我不觉得那不可能。你可能只是需要根据自己的起点努力得更辛苦一些。我自己就是从印度的一个贫穷小孩开始的,所以如果我能做到,从某种意义上说,任何人都可以做到。
当然,我有些先决条件是具备的,比如我四肢健全、头脑正常,也接受了教育。有些最基本的条件确实是必要的,没法绕过。但如果你正在收听这个视频或播客,说明你很可能已经拥有了这些最基本的条件:一个健康的身体和清晰的头脑。
而我这一路上其实也遇到了很多“坏运气”。我第一次赚到一点小钱,马上就在股市中亏光了。第二次本可以赚到一些钱,结果被商业合伙人骗了。一直到第三次,我才真正有所收获。
而即便是这第三次,也不是一夜暴富,而是缓慢而持续的努力。我这辈子从来没有一次性赚到一大笔钱,都是很多小成果积累起来的。更重要的是,我一直在持续创造财富——通过创办公司、抓住机会、投资项目,一点一点积累起来。这不是靠某次幸运的“大爆发”,而是一点一点踏实积累出来的成果。
In 1,000 parallel universes, you want to be wealthy in 999 of them
Nivi: Do you want to elaborate a little bit more on the idea that in a 1,000 parallel universes you want to get rich in 999 of them? I think some people are going to see that and say, “that sounds impossible, it sounds like it’s too good to be true.”
Naval: No, I don’t think it’s impossible. I think that you may have to work a little bit harder at it given your starting circumstances. I started as a poor kid in India, so if I can make it, anybody can, in that sense.
Now, obviously, I had all my limbs and I had my mental faculties and I did have an education. There are some prerequisites you can’t get past. But if you’re listening to this video or podcast, you probably have the requisite means at your disposal, which is a functioning body and a functioning mind.
And I’ve encountered plenty of bad luck along the way. The first little fortune that I made, I instantly lost in the stock market. The second little fortune that I made, or I should have made, I basically got cheated by my business partners. It’s only the third time around has been a charm.
And, even then, it has been in a slow and steady struggle. I haven’t made money in my life in one giant payout. It’s always been a whole bunch of small things piling up. It’s more about consistently creating wealth by creating businesses, including opportunities and creating investments. It hasn’t been a giant one-off thing.
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很多人以为赚钱靠运气,其实不是。赚钱是靠你成为那种“会赚钱的人”。
我一直认为,如果我现在失去所有的钱,被随机丢在某个说英语的国家的街头,5年、10年之内我还是会变得富有。因为我已经建立了一套能力体系,我相信任何人都可以建立这种体系。
如果你身处1000个平行宇宙,你希望在其中的999个都变得富有,而不是仅仅在50个“恰好走运”的世界里才成功。我们要做的是把“运气”这个变量剔除掉。
关于“运气”,有四种类型,这是我从一本书中看到的,Marc Andreessen 曾写过一篇博客也提到:
这就像是搅拌一个培养皿,看能否发生化学反应。你不断搅拌、注入能量,最后“运气”自己会来找你。
比如我们这个对话能聚在一起,也可以说是这种运气的结果。Nenad在网上上传了很多优秀的视频,我在推特上看到了。从某种意义上说,他是通过持续创作来制造自己的好运,直到像我这样的人被吸引而来。
比如说:你是世界上最擅长深海潜水的人,敢于挑战别人连尝试都不敢的深海任务。
这时,某人偶然发现了一艘沉船宝藏,但没人能打捞出来。他们的“好运”就变成了你的“好运”——因为他们会来找你,让你去打捞宝藏,并且要支付你报酬。
这就是例子中两个层面的运气:他们发现宝藏是盲目的运气;他们必须来找你,并与你分成,这是你用自己的能力创造出来的。
你让自己有资格、也有能力捕捉这种外部机会,或者说是吸引机会来到你身边,而别人并没有创造出这种可能。所以,当我们说“不靠运气地成功”,我们的目标是可控、确定性,而不是把命运交给偶然。
赚钱不是靠运气
成为那种“会赚钱的人”赚钱不是靠运气
Naval:显然,我们都想致富,并且希望在有生之年做到,而不是靠“走运”。很多人以为赚钱靠运气,其实不是。赚钱是靠你成为那种“会赚钱的人”。
我一直认为,如果我现在失去所有的钱,被随机丢在某个说英语的国家的街头,5年、10年之内我还是会变得富有。因为我已经建立了一套能力体系,我相信任何人都可以建立这种体系。
如果你身处1000个平行宇宙,你希望在其中的999个都变得富有,而不是仅仅在50个“恰好走运”的世界里才成功。我们要做的是把“运气”这个变量剔除掉。
关于“运气”,有四种类型,这是我从一本书中看到的,Marc Andreessen 曾写过一篇博客也提到:
- 盲目的运气(Blind luck)
第一种是完全随机发生的运气。比如,有件事完全超出你的掌控,却碰巧对你有利。这是命运、是幸运女神的青睐。 - 靠努力获得的运气(Luck from hustling)
第二种是靠坚持、努力、奔波、行动获得的运气。你四处奔忙,创造出大量机会、释放出巨大能量,最终激起一些“偶然”机会。
这就像是搅拌一个培养皿,看能否发生化学反应。你不断搅拌、注入能量,最后“运气”自己会来找你。
比如我们这个对话能聚在一起,也可以说是这种运气的结果。Nenad在网上上传了很多优秀的视频,我在推特上看到了。从某种意义上说,他是通过持续创作来制造自己的好运,直到像我这样的人被吸引而来。
- 靠准备抓住的运气(Luck from preparation)
第三种是你变得足够专业和敏锐,能第一时间识别运气的出现。如果你在某个领域特别有经验,当一个机会悄悄出现时,你能够第一时间看出来,而别人看不出。你对“运气”变得敏感——这是靠知识、技能和努力积累而来的。 - 因你独特特质吸引来的运气(Luck from your unique character)
第四种是最奇特、最难的一种——但也是我们真正想讨论的那种。你通过打造独特的人格、品牌、思维模式,从而让好运主动找上你。
比如说:你是世界上最擅长深海潜水的人,敢于挑战别人连尝试都不敢的深海任务。
这时,某人偶然发现了一艘沉船宝藏,但没人能打捞出来。他们的“好运”就变成了你的“好运”——因为他们会来找你,让你去打捞宝藏,并且要支付你报酬。
这就是例子中两个层面的运气:他们发现宝藏是盲目的运气;他们必须来找你,并与你分成,这是你用自己的能力创造出来的。
你让自己有资格、也有能力捕捉这种外部机会,或者说是吸引机会来到你身边,而别人并没有创造出这种可能。所以,当我们说“不靠运气地成功”,我们的目标是可控、确定性,而不是把命运交给偶然。
Making Money Isn’t About Luck
Become the kind of person who makes money
Making money isn’t about luck
Naval: Obviously, we want to be wealthy, and we want to get there in this lifetime without having to rely on luck.
A lot of people think making money is about luck. It’s not. It’s about becoming the kind of person that makes money.
I like to think that if I lost all my money and if you drop me on a random street in any English-speaking country, within 5, 10 years I’d be wealthy again. Because it’s a skill set that I’ve developed and I think anyone can develop.
In 1,000 parallel universes, you want to be wealthy in 999 of them. You don’t want to be wealthy in the 50 of them where you got lucky. We want to factor luck out of it.
There’s four kinds of luck that we’re talking about. This came from a book. Marc Andreessen, wrote a blog post about it.
- Blind luck
The first kind of luck you might say is blind luck. Where I just got lucky because something completely out of my control happened. That’s fortune, that’s fate.
- Luck from hustling
Then there’s luck that comes through persistence, hard work, hustle, motion. Which is when you’re running around creating lots of opportunities, you’re generating a lot of energy, you’re doing a lot of things, lots of things will get stirred up in the dust.
It’s almost like mixing a petri dish and seeing what combines. Or mixing a bunch of reagents and seeing what combines. You’re generating enough force and hustle and energy that luck will find you.
We, as a group, you could argue, got together because of that. Nenad had put up these great videos online, I saw them on Twitter. In that sense, he generated his own luck by creating videos until people like me keep finding him.
- Luck from preparation
A third way is that you become very good at spotting luck. If you are very skilled in a field, you will notice when a lucky break happens in that field. When other people who aren’t attuned to it won’t notice. So you become sensitive to luck and that’s through skill and knowledge and work.
- Luck from your unique character
Then the last kind of luck is the weirdest, hardest kind. But that’s what we want to talk about. Which is where you build a unique character, a unique brand, a unique mindset, where then luck finds you.
For example, let’s say that you’re the best person in the world at deep sea underwater diving. You’re known to take on deep sea underwater dives that nobody else will even attempt to dare.
Then, by sheer luck, somebody finds a sunken treasure ship off the coast. They can’t get it. Well, their luck just became your luck, because they’re going to come to you to get that treasure. You’re going to get paid for it.
Now, that’s an extreme example. The person who got lucky by finding the treasure chest, that was blind luck. But them coming to you and asking you to extract it and having to give you half, that’s not luck.
You created your own luck. You put yourself in a position to be able to capitalize on that luck. Or to attract that luck when nobody else has created that opportunity for themselves. When we talk about “without getting lucky,” we want to be deterministic, we don’t want to leave it to chance.
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Naval:没错。这些国家、政党和群体最终都沦为玩“地位零和游戏”的参与者。在这个过程中,他们摧毁了财富的创造机制,把每个人都拉到了最低水平。
这也正是为什么美国如此受欢迎,吸引无数移民。因为有“美国梦”存在:任何人都可以来到这里,哪怕一开始很穷,只要努力工作,就能赚钱、致富——或者至少,可以靠自己赚点基本生活费,养活自己和家人。
当然,“财富”的定义因人而异。对一个发达国家的公民来说,财富可能意味着“我必须赚到几百万美元,然后就彻底自由了”。
但对一个刚刚进入这个国家的发展中国家的穷人移民来说(我们一家人就是我小时候从国外移民来的),他们心中的财富可能是更小的目标,比如:“我不需要终生做那些我并不想做的体力劳动。”
但是——那些鄙视财富的群体,会把整个社会拉低到他们的水平。如果索取者(Takers)太多、创造者(Makers)太少,社会就会瓦解。最终你会得到一个共产主义国家的局面。
比如委内瑞拉:他们整天忙着“拿来主义”、分配、再分配——结果呢?人们真的是在街头挨饿,体重一年年地下降,每年都饿掉好几公斤。
你也可以换个角度来看:想象一个生物体,寄生虫太多会发生什么?
的确,你需要少量的“寄生者”来维持健康。你还需要大量的共生体(symbiotes),比如我们细胞中的线粒体——它们帮助我们呼吸、燃烧氧气。这些共生体让我们活着,没它们,我们活不了。
这些共生体,就是构成我们身体的“财富创造的合作伙伴”。但如果你体内充满了真正的寄生虫——比如蠕虫、病毒、细菌,这些东西不创造,只索取,最终会让你死掉。任何有机体都只能承受有限数量的寄生者。一旦寄生者失控,整个系统就会崩溃、走向死亡。
我说的是“道德的财富创造”。不是说垄断,不是说裙带资本主义,也不是说环境等外部性被误定价的问题。
我说的是自由的思想、自由的市场——是人类之间自愿的小规模交换,不会对他人产生过度影响。
我相信,这种财富的创造方式如果不被社会尊重、不被群体认可,社会就会走向毁灭与黑暗。
索取者太多、创造者太少,社会终将走向崩溃
Nivi:不只是个体在潜意识里鄙视财富,对吧?还有一些国家、群体、政党,是公开地鄙视财富——或者至少表现出这种态度。Naval:没错。这些国家、政党和群体最终都沦为玩“地位零和游戏”的参与者。在这个过程中,他们摧毁了财富的创造机制,把每个人都拉到了最低水平。
这也正是为什么美国如此受欢迎,吸引无数移民。因为有“美国梦”存在:任何人都可以来到这里,哪怕一开始很穷,只要努力工作,就能赚钱、致富——或者至少,可以靠自己赚点基本生活费,养活自己和家人。
当然,“财富”的定义因人而异。对一个发达国家的公民来说,财富可能意味着“我必须赚到几百万美元,然后就彻底自由了”。
但对一个刚刚进入这个国家的发展中国家的穷人移民来说(我们一家人就是我小时候从国外移民来的),他们心中的财富可能是更小的目标,比如:“我不需要终生做那些我并不想做的体力劳动。”
但是——那些鄙视财富的群体,会把整个社会拉低到他们的水平。如果索取者(Takers)太多、创造者(Makers)太少,社会就会瓦解。最终你会得到一个共产主义国家的局面。
比如委内瑞拉:他们整天忙着“拿来主义”、分配、再分配——结果呢?人们真的是在街头挨饿,体重一年年地下降,每年都饿掉好几公斤。
你也可以换个角度来看:想象一个生物体,寄生虫太多会发生什么?
的确,你需要少量的“寄生者”来维持健康。你还需要大量的共生体(symbiotes),比如我们细胞中的线粒体——它们帮助我们呼吸、燃烧氧气。这些共生体让我们活着,没它们,我们活不了。
这些共生体,就是构成我们身体的“财富创造的合作伙伴”。但如果你体内充满了真正的寄生虫——比如蠕虫、病毒、细菌,这些东西不创造,只索取,最终会让你死掉。任何有机体都只能承受有限数量的寄生者。一旦寄生者失控,整个系统就会崩溃、走向死亡。
我说的是“道德的财富创造”。不是说垄断,不是说裙带资本主义,也不是说环境等外部性被误定价的问题。
我说的是自由的思想、自由的市场——是人类之间自愿的小规模交换,不会对他人产生过度影响。
我相信,这种财富的创造方式如果不被社会尊重、不被群体认可,社会就会走向毁灭与黑暗。
Too many takers and not enough makers will plunge a society into ruin
Nivi: It’s not just individuals secretly despising wealth, right? There are countries, groups, political parties that overtly despise wealth. Or at least seem to.
Naval: That’s right. What those countries, political parties, and groups are reduced to is playing the zero-sum game of status. In the process to destroy wealth creation, they drag everybody down to their level.
Which is why the U.S. is a very popular country for immigrants because of the American dream. Anyone can come here, be poor, and then work really hard and make money, and get wealthy. But even just make some basic money for their life.
Obviously, the definition of wealth is different for different people. A First World citizen’s definition of wealth might be, “Oh, I have to make millions of dollars, and I’m completely done.”
Whereas to a Third World poor immigrant just entering the country, and we were poor immigrants who came here when I as fairly young, to the United States, wealth may just be a much lower number. It may just be, “I don’t have to work a manual labor job for the rest of my life that I don’t want to work.”
But groups that despise it will essentially bring the entire group to that level. If you get too many takers, and not enough makers, society falls apart. You end up with a communist country.
Look at Venezuela, right? They were so busy taking, and dividing, and reallocating, that people are literally starving in the streets, and losing kilograms of body weight every year just from sheer starvation.
Another way to think about it is imagine an organism that has too many parasites. You need some small number of parasites to stay healthy.
You need a lot of symbiotes. All the mitochondria in all of our cells that help us respirate and burn oxygen. These are symbiotes that help us survive. We couldn’t survive without them.
But, to me, those are partners in the wealth creation that creates the human body. But if you just were filled with parasites, if you got infected with worms, or a virus, or bacteria that were purely parasitical, you would die. So, any organism can only withstand a small number of parasites. When the parasitic element gets too far out of control, you die.
Again I’m talking about ethical wealth creation. I’m not talking about monopolies. I’m not talking about crony capitalism. I’m not talking about mispriced externalities like the environment.
I’m talking about free minds, and free markets. Small-scale exchange between humans that’s voluntary, and doesn’t have an outsized impact on others.
I think that kind of wealth creation, if a society does not respect it, if the group does not respect it, then society will plunge into ruin, and darkness.
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当你我交换信息时,我希望从你那里获得一些信息作为回报。我给你信息,你给我信息。如果这不是一次良好的信息交换,你很快就会转而找别人交谈。交换的概念,以及记录“借贷”(credit 和 debit)关系的能力,这些机制都深深刻在我们灵活的社会性本能之中。
我们是动物王国中唯一能跨越基因边界进行合作的物种。大多数动物根本不会合作,即使有合作,通常也只限于血缘群体(它们一起进化,有共同的血脉和利益)。
而我们人类不是这样。我能与你们合作,一个是塞尔维亚人,一个是波斯裔,而我是印度裔。我们几乎没有任何血缘联系——但我们仍能协作。
是什么让我们能够合作?是因为我们可以追踪谁付出了多少劳动,谁贡献了什么。这就是自由市场资本主义的全部意义。
所以我坚信,自由市场是人类本性的一部分,而且我们将不断创造出更多的财富与丰盛,惠及每一个人。
每个人都可以富有。每个人都可以“退休”。每个人都可以成功。关键只是两个要素:教育和意愿。你必须想要这一切。如果你不想,那也没关系——那你就选择退出这个游戏。
但不要去贬低那些正在参与这个游戏的人。正是这个游戏让你晚上能睡在温暖舒适的床上,让你头顶有屋檐遮风避雨,让你的超市货架总是摆满食物,让你的 iPhone 随时随地都能响起提示音。
所以,这是一个值得参与的“美丽游戏”——只要你能以道德、理性、合乎社会原则的方式去参与它。这个游戏将继续带领我们集体变得更富有,直到我们实现真正的丰盛,任何想要的人都可以拥有。
自由市场是人类的本能
我们通过“借贷”系统跨越基因界限进行合作自由市场是人类与生俱来的本性
Naval:总体来看,资本主义(指自由市场)是人类的一种本能。资本主义不是我们发明的,甚至也不是我们“发现”的。它早已存在于我们每一次的交换中。当你我交换信息时,我希望从你那里获得一些信息作为回报。我给你信息,你给我信息。如果这不是一次良好的信息交换,你很快就会转而找别人交谈。交换的概念,以及记录“借贷”(credit 和 debit)关系的能力,这些机制都深深刻在我们灵活的社会性本能之中。
我们是动物王国中唯一能跨越基因边界进行合作的物种。大多数动物根本不会合作,即使有合作,通常也只限于血缘群体(它们一起进化,有共同的血脉和利益)。
而我们人类不是这样。我能与你们合作,一个是塞尔维亚人,一个是波斯裔,而我是印度裔。我们几乎没有任何血缘联系——但我们仍能协作。
是什么让我们能够合作?是因为我们可以追踪谁付出了多少劳动,谁贡献了什么。这就是自由市场资本主义的全部意义。
所以我坚信,自由市场是人类本性的一部分,而且我们将不断创造出更多的财富与丰盛,惠及每一个人。
每个人都可以富有。每个人都可以“退休”。每个人都可以成功。关键只是两个要素:教育和意愿。你必须想要这一切。如果你不想,那也没关系——那你就选择退出这个游戏。
但不要去贬低那些正在参与这个游戏的人。正是这个游戏让你晚上能睡在温暖舒适的床上,让你头顶有屋檐遮风避雨,让你的超市货架总是摆满食物,让你的 iPhone 随时随地都能响起提示音。
所以,这是一个值得参与的“美丽游戏”——只要你能以道德、理性、合乎社会原则的方式去参与它。这个游戏将继续带领我们集体变得更富有,直到我们实现真正的丰盛,任何想要的人都可以拥有。
Free Markets Are Intrinsic to Humans
We use credits and debits to cooperate across genetic boundaries
Free markets are intrinsic to the human species
Naval: Overall capitalism [meaning free markets] is intrinsic to the human species. Capitalism is not something we invented. Capitalism is not even something we discovered. It is in us in every exchange that we have.
When you and I exchange information, I want some information back from you. I give you information. You give me information. If we weren’t having a good information exchange, you’d go talk to somebody else. So, the notion of exchange, and keeping track of credits and debits, this is built into us as flexible social animals.
We are the only animals in the animal kingdom that cooperate across genetic boundaries. Most animals don’t even cooperate. But when they do, they cooperate only in packs where they co-evolve together, and they share blood, so they have some shared interests.
Humans don’t have that. I can cooperate with you guys. One of you is a Serbian. The other one is a Persian by origin. And I’m Indian by origin. We have very little blood in common, basically none. But we still cooperate.
What lets us cooperate? It’s because we can keep track of debits and credits. Who put in how much work? Who contributed how much? That’s all free market capitalism is.
So, I strongly believe that it is innate to the human species, and we are going to create more and more wealth, and abundance for everybody.
Everybody can be wealthy. Everybody can be retired. Everybody can be successful. It is merely a question of education and desire. You have to want it. If you don’t want it, that’s fine. Then you opt out of the game.
But don’t try to put down the people who are playing the game. Because that’s the game that keeps you in a comfortable warm bed at night. That’s the game that keeps a roof over your head. That’s the game that keeps your supermarkets stocked. That’s the game that keeps the iPhone buzzing in your pocket.
So, it is a beautiful game that is worth playing ethically, rationally, morally, socially for the human race. It’s going to continue to make us all richer and richer, until we have massive wealth creation for anybody who wants it.
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200年前,人们没有抗生素,没有汽车,没有电,更没有 iPhone。这些发明让整个人类变得更加富有。
今天,我宁愿做一个生活在发达国家的穷人,也不愿做路易十四时代法国的富人。甚至可以说,我宁愿做现在的穷人,也不愿做当年的贵族。这就是财富创造带来的改变。
科技的引擎是科学,科学的目的是为了创造富足。所以,从根本上说,我相信每个人都有可能变得富有。
我想让你做一个思想实验:想象一下,如果每个人都具备一个优秀的软件工程师和硬件工程师的知识和技能——可以制造机器人、电脑、桥梁,并能编程操作它们。
如果所有人都具备这些能力,那么20年后社会会变成什么样子?我猜,我们会制造出机器人、机器、软件、硬件,来处理一切事务,我们都会生活在极度富足的社会里。
我们基本上就像“退休”了一样,不再为任何基本生活所需而工作。我们会有机器人护士,机器运营的医院,自动驾驶汽车,全自动化的农场,还有清洁能源。
在那种社会中,我们可以用技术突破去获得任何想要的东西。如果那时还有人在工作,那一定是因为他们想要表达自己的创造力,是因为他们愿意贡献,愿意去建造和设计。
我并不认为资本主义是邪恶的。资本主义本质上是好的,只是它有时会被劫持。被什么劫持呢?被不合理的外部成本定价,被不合理的收益结构、腐败、垄断等等。
每个人都可以变得富有
事实上,每个人都可以变得富有。我们能从一些现实中看出这一点——在第一世界国家(发达国家),人们的生活水平已经远远超过200年前的几乎所有人。200年前,人们没有抗生素,没有汽车,没有电,更没有 iPhone。这些发明让整个人类变得更加富有。
今天,我宁愿做一个生活在发达国家的穷人,也不愿做路易十四时代法国的富人。甚至可以说,我宁愿做现在的穷人,也不愿做当年的贵族。这就是财富创造带来的改变。
科技的引擎是科学,科学的目的是为了创造富足。所以,从根本上说,我相信每个人都有可能变得富有。
我想让你做一个思想实验:想象一下,如果每个人都具备一个优秀的软件工程师和硬件工程师的知识和技能——可以制造机器人、电脑、桥梁,并能编程操作它们。
如果所有人都具备这些能力,那么20年后社会会变成什么样子?我猜,我们会制造出机器人、机器、软件、硬件,来处理一切事务,我们都会生活在极度富足的社会里。
我们基本上就像“退休”了一样,不再为任何基本生活所需而工作。我们会有机器人护士,机器运营的医院,自动驾驶汽车,全自动化的农场,还有清洁能源。
在那种社会中,我们可以用技术突破去获得任何想要的东西。如果那时还有人在工作,那一定是因为他们想要表达自己的创造力,是因为他们愿意贡献,愿意去建造和设计。
我并不认为资本主义是邪恶的。资本主义本质上是好的,只是它有时会被劫持。被什么劫持呢?被不合理的外部成本定价,被不合理的收益结构、腐败、垄断等等。
Everyone can be rich
But the reality is everyone can be rich. We can see that by seeing, that in the First World, everyone is basically richer than almost anyone who was alive 200 years ago.
200 years ago nobody had antibiotics. Nobody had cars. Nobody had electricity. Nobody had the iPhone. All of these things are inventions that have made us wealthier as a species.
Today, I would rather be a poor person in a First World country, than be a rich person in Louis the XIV’s France. I’d rather be a poor person today than aristocrat back then. That’s because of wealth creation.
The engine of technology is science that is applied for the purpose of creating abundance. So, I think fundamentally everybody can be wealthy.
This thought experiment I want you to think through is imagine if everybody had the knowledge of a good software engineer and a good hardware engineer. If you could go out there, and you could build robots, and computers, and bridges, and program them. Let’s say every human knew how to do that.
What do you think society would look like in 20 years? My guess is what would happen is we would build robots, machines, software and hardware to do everything. We would all be living in massive abundance.
We would essentially be retired, in the sense that none of us would have to work for any of the basics. We’d even have robotic nurses. We’d have machine driven hospitals. We’d have self-driving cars. We’d have farms that are 100% automated. We’d have clean energy.
At that point, we could use technology breakthroughs to get everything that we wanted. If anyone is still working at that point, they’re working as a form of expressing their creativity. They’re working because it’s in them to contribute, and to build and design things.
I don’t think capitalism is evil. Capitalism is actually good. It’s just that it gets hijacked. It gets hijacked by improper pricing of externalities. It gets hijacked by improper yields, where you have corruption, or you have monopolies.
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财富的真正目的就是自由,仅此而已。它不是为了买貂皮大衣、法拉利、游艇,也不是为了坐湾流私人飞机环球旅行。那些东西很快就会变得无聊甚至愚蠢。真正重要的是:成为一个完全自主、独立的人。
但你必须真正渴望这种自由,你才可能得到它。全世界的人都想要这种自由,也都在努力争取。
在某种程度上,这是一场竞争。虽然它是一个正和游戏,但仍然有竞争的部分,因为当前社会的资源是有限的。如果你想获得资源、去实现你想做的事,你就必须脱颖而出。
财富买来的是自由
你想要财富,是因为财富能为你买来自由——让你不必每天戴着像狗链一样的领带,不必早上七点起床赶去上班、堵在通勤的车流中,不必把自己最有生产力的人生时光,浪费在一份毫无灵魂、不带来任何满足感的工作上。财富的真正目的就是自由,仅此而已。它不是为了买貂皮大衣、法拉利、游艇,也不是为了坐湾流私人飞机环球旅行。那些东西很快就会变得无聊甚至愚蠢。真正重要的是:成为一个完全自主、独立的人。
但你必须真正渴望这种自由,你才可能得到它。全世界的人都想要这种自由,也都在努力争取。
在某种程度上,这是一场竞争。虽然它是一个正和游戏,但仍然有竞争的部分,因为当前社会的资源是有限的。如果你想获得资源、去实现你想做的事,你就必须脱颖而出。
Wealth buys your freedom
You want wealth because it buys you freedom—so you don’t have to wear a tie like a collar around your neck; so you don’t have to wake up at 7:00 a.m. to rush to work and sit in commute traffic; so you don’t have to waste your life grinding productive hours away into a soulless job that doesn’t fulfill you.
The purpose of wealth is freedom; it’s nothing more than that. It’s not to buy fur coats, or to drive Ferraris, or to sail yachts, or to jet around the world in a Gulf Stream. That stuff gets really boring and stupid, really fast. It’s about being your own sovereign individual.
You’re not going to get that unless you really want it. The entire world wants it, and the entire world is working hard at it.
It is competitive to some extent. It’s a positive sum game—but there are competitive elements to it, because there’s a finite amount of resources right now in society. To get the resources to do what you want, you have to stand out.
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从某种意义上说,人类历史就是“创造者 vs. 掠夺者”之间的关系。有些人去创造、去建设、努力工作;
然后,另一些人带着刀剑、枪支、税收、裙带资本主义、共产主义等等各种方式出现,用来掠夺别人的成果。
即使在自然界中,寄生生物比非寄生生物还要多。你体内也有很多寄生虫,它们依附在你身上生存。有些是共生的,会给你一些回馈;但也有很多纯粹是在掠夺。这是任何复杂系统的一种本质组成。
而我关注的是真正的财富创造。它不是关于夺取金钱,不是从别人那里拿走什么,而是通过创造资源来实现的。
显然,这个世界的工作岗位和财富并不是固定不变的。不然我们今天还会坐在山洞里,一起商量怎么分柴火和偶尔猎到的死鹿。
我们文明中的绝大多数财富——事实上可以说是全部财富——都是“创造”出来的。
它来自于人类,来自于技术,来自于生产力,来自于努力工作。
那个“财富都是偷来的”观念,是一种可怕的零和思维,是那些试图提升自己地位的人玩的游戏。
为世界创造更多资源
财富并不是从别人那里拿走什么道德的财富创造,会为世界带来更多资源
Naval:我认为,现在有一种观念,觉得赚钱是邪恶的。它的根源可以追溯到“金钱是万恶之源”这样的观念。很多人觉得银行家在偷我们的钱。这在某种程度上没错——在世界的许多地方,确实一直在发生各种形式的掠夺。从某种意义上说,人类历史就是“创造者 vs. 掠夺者”之间的关系。有些人去创造、去建设、努力工作;
然后,另一些人带着刀剑、枪支、税收、裙带资本主义、共产主义等等各种方式出现,用来掠夺别人的成果。
即使在自然界中,寄生生物比非寄生生物还要多。你体内也有很多寄生虫,它们依附在你身上生存。有些是共生的,会给你一些回馈;但也有很多纯粹是在掠夺。这是任何复杂系统的一种本质组成。
而我关注的是真正的财富创造。它不是关于夺取金钱,不是从别人那里拿走什么,而是通过创造资源来实现的。
显然,这个世界的工作岗位和财富并不是固定不变的。不然我们今天还会坐在山洞里,一起商量怎么分柴火和偶尔猎到的死鹿。
我们文明中的绝大多数财富——事实上可以说是全部财富——都是“创造”出来的。
它来自于人类,来自于技术,来自于生产力,来自于努力工作。
那个“财富都是偷来的”观念,是一种可怕的零和思维,是那些试图提升自己地位的人玩的游戏。
Make Abundance for the World
Wealth isn’t about taking something from somebody else
Ethical wealth creation makes abundance for the world
Naval: I think there is this notion that making money is evil, right? It’s rooted all the way back down to “money is the root of all evil.” People think that the bankers steal our money. It’s somewhat true in that, in a lot of the world, there’s a lot of theft going on all the time.
The history of the world, in some sense, is this predator/prey relationship between makers and takers. There are people who go out and create things, and build things, and work hard on things.
Then there are people who come along with a sword, or a gun, or taxes, or crony capitalism, or Communism, or what have you. There’s all these different methods to steal.
Even in nature, there are more parasites than there are non-parasitical organisms. You have a ton of parasites in you, who are living off of you. The better ones are symbiotic, they’re giving something back. But there are a lot that are just taking. That’s the nature of how any complex system is built.
What I am focused on is true wealth creation. It’s not about taking money. It’s not about taking something from somebody else. It’s from creating abundance.
Obviously, there isn’t a finite number of jobs, or finite amount of wealth. Otherwise we would still be sitting around in caves, figuring out how to divide up pieces of fire wood, and the occasional dead deer.
Most of the wealth in civilization, in fact all of it, has been created. It got created from somewhere. It got created from people. It got created from technology. It got created from productivity. It got created from hard work. This idea that it’s stolen is this horrible zero-sum game that people who are trying to gain status play.
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问题在于:想要在地位游戏中获胜,就必须贬低别人。这也是为什么你应该避免参与地位游戏——因为它会让你变得愤怒、好斗。你会不停地打压他人、抬高自己或你所支持的人。
地位游戏永远都会存在,这是无法避免的。你需要明白,大多数时候,当你试图创造财富时,攻击你的人,其实是在假装正义。他们想让自己看起来像是“正人君子”,但本质上是在踩着你来提高自己的地位。
他们玩的是另一种游戏——一种更糟糕的游戏。地位游戏是零和游戏,而财富游戏则是正和游戏。
创造财富的人,总会受到玩地位游戏的人的攻击
地位和财富之间,总存在着一种微妙的竞争。比如,当记者抨击富人或科技行业时,其实是在争夺地位。他们是在表达:“人民才是最重要的,而我,作为记者,是人民的代表,所以我更重要。”问题在于:想要在地位游戏中获胜,就必须贬低别人。这也是为什么你应该避免参与地位游戏——因为它会让你变得愤怒、好斗。你会不停地打压他人、抬高自己或你所支持的人。
地位游戏永远都会存在,这是无法避免的。你需要明白,大多数时候,当你试图创造财富时,攻击你的人,其实是在假装正义。他们想让自己看起来像是“正人君子”,但本质上是在踩着你来提高自己的地位。
他们玩的是另一种游戏——一种更糟糕的游戏。地位游戏是零和游戏,而财富游戏则是正和游戏。
People creating wealth will always be attacked by people playing status games
There’s always a subtle competition going on between status and wealth. For example, when journalists attack rich people or the tech industry, they’re really bidding for status. They’re saying, “No, the people are more important. And I, the journalist, represent the people, and therefore I am more important.”
The problem is, to win at a status game you have to put somebody else down. That’s why you should avoid status games in your life—because they make you into an angry combative person. You’re always fighting to put other people down and elevate yourself and the people you like.
Status games are always going to exist; there’s no way around it. Realize that most of the time when you’re trying to create wealth, you’re getting attacked by someone else and they’re trying to look like a goody-two shoes. They’re trying to up their own status at your expense.
They’re playing a different game. And it’s a worse game. It’s a zero-sum game, instead of a positive-sum game.
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政治就是一种地位游戏的例子。甚至体育比赛也是一种地位游戏。要有赢家,就必须有输家。我本质上不喜欢这种地位游戏。它们在社会中确实扮演着重要角色——帮助我们弄清谁是领导者。但你之所以参与,是因为它们是一种“必要的恶”。
从进化的角度来看——如果你回顾几千年前——地位比财富更能预测一个人的生存能力。在农业出现之前,人们是无法拥有财富的,因为他们无法储存东西。狩猎采集者把一切都背在身上生活。
狩猎采集者生活在完全基于地位的社会中。而农耕者开始向基于财富的社会转变。现代工业经济体则更多是基于财富的社会。
地位是一个非常古老的游戏
另一方面,地位是一种零和游戏。这是一种非常古老的游戏。从猴群时代开始,我们就一直在玩。它是等级制的:谁是第一?谁是第二?谁是第三?而要从第三升到第二,第二就必须让出那个位置。所以,地位是一种零和游戏。政治就是一种地位游戏的例子。甚至体育比赛也是一种地位游戏。要有赢家,就必须有输家。我本质上不喜欢这种地位游戏。它们在社会中确实扮演着重要角色——帮助我们弄清谁是领导者。但你之所以参与,是因为它们是一种“必要的恶”。
从进化的角度来看——如果你回顾几千年前——地位比财富更能预测一个人的生存能力。在农业出现之前,人们是无法拥有财富的,因为他们无法储存东西。狩猎采集者把一切都背在身上生活。
狩猎采集者生活在完全基于地位的社会中。而农耕者开始向基于财富的社会转变。现代工业经济体则更多是基于财富的社会。
Status is a very old game
Status, on the other hand, is a zero-sum game. It’s a very old game. We’ve been playing it since monkey tribes. It’s hierarchical. Who’s number one? Who’s number two? Who’s number three? And for number three to move to number two, number two has to move out of that slot. So, status is a zero-sum game.
Politics is an example of a status game. Even sports is an example of a status game. To be the winner, there must be a loser. Fundamentally, I don’t like status games. They play an important role in our society, so we can figure out who’s in charge. But you play them because they’re a necessary evil.
On an evolutionary basis—if you go back thousands of years—status is a much better predictor of survival than wealth. You couldn’t have wealth before the farming age because you couldn’t store things. Hunter-gatherers carried everything on their backs.
Hunter-gatherers lived in entirely status-based societies. Farmers started going to wealth-based societies. The modern industrial economies are much more heavily wealth-based societies.
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与此同时,许多人内心深处认为自己赚不到钱,所以他们不希望财富创造发生。他们通过攻击整个行业来发出道德信号,说:"赚钱是邪恶的。你不应该这么做"。
但实际上,他们在玩另一种游戏,即地位游戏。他们试图通过说 “我不需要钱” ,“我也不想要赚钱 ”来提高自己在别人心目中的地位。
地位是你在社会体系中的排名。
财富不是零和游戏。世界上每个人都可以有房子。你有房子并不会剥夺我有房子的能力。相反,房子建得越多,建房就越容易,我们对建房的了解就越多,就有越多的人可以拥有房子。
财富是一个正和的游戏。我们共同创造财富。我们正在努力创造一件艺术品,来解释我们正在做的事情。最后,我们会创造出全新的东西。这是一个正和游戏。
地位是你在社会体系中的排名
从根本上说,人们在生活中玩着两种巨大的游戏。一个是金钱游戏。金钱并不能解决你所有的问题;但它却能解决你所有需要钱的问题。我认为人们知道这一点。他们意识到了这一点,所以他们想赚钱。与此同时,许多人内心深处认为自己赚不到钱,所以他们不希望财富创造发生。他们通过攻击整个行业来发出道德信号,说:"赚钱是邪恶的。你不应该这么做"。
但实际上,他们在玩另一种游戏,即地位游戏。他们试图通过说 “我不需要钱” ,“我也不想要赚钱 ”来提高自己在别人心目中的地位。
地位是你在社会体系中的排名。
财富不是零和游戏。世界上每个人都可以有房子。你有房子并不会剥夺我有房子的能力。相反,房子建得越多,建房就越容易,我们对建房的了解就越多,就有越多的人可以拥有房子。
财富是一个正和的游戏。我们共同创造财富。我们正在努力创造一件艺术品,来解释我们正在做的事情。最后,我们会创造出全新的东西。这是一个正和游戏。
Status is your rank in the social hierarchy
There are fundamentally two huge games in life that people play. One is the money game. Money is not going to solve all of your problems; but it’s going to solve all of your money problems. I think people know that. They realize that, so they want to make money.
At the same time, deep down many people believe they can’t make it; so they don’t want any wealth creation to happen. They virtue signal by attacking the whole enterprise, saying, “Well, making money is evil. You shouldn’t do it.”
But they’re actually playing the other game, which is the status game. They’re trying to be high status in the eyes of others by saying, “Well, I don’t need money. We don’t want money.”
Status is your ranking in the social hierarchy.
Wealth is not a zero-sum game. Everybody in the world can have a house. Because you have a house doesn’t take away from my ability to have a house. If anything, the more houses that are built, the easier it becomes to build houses, the more we know about building houses, and the more people can have houses.
Wealth is a very positive-sum game. We create things together. We’re starting this endeavor to create a piece of art that explains what we’re doing. At the end of it, something brand new will be created. It’s a positive-sum game.
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如果我做好了我的工作并对社会产生了价值,社会会说,“谢谢你!我们欠你一点什么,以后会补偿你过去做的这些事。给你一张欠条,我们把它叫做‘钱’。”
这种钱会被稀释,因为有人偷走了这些欠条;政府印了更多的欠条;也有人赖账不还。但钱本质上是在努力成为一个可靠的社会欠条,是社会对你过去行为的回报。
我们在人与人之间交换这些欠条;金钱就是我们如何交换财富的具现。
金钱是如何交换财富的具现
金钱是社会信用。它代表你拥有他人时间借贷的能力。如果我做好了我的工作并对社会产生了价值,社会会说,“谢谢你!我们欠你一点什么,以后会补偿你过去做的这些事。给你一张欠条,我们把它叫做‘钱’。”
这种钱会被稀释,因为有人偷走了这些欠条;政府印了更多的欠条;也有人赖账不还。但钱本质上是在努力成为一个可靠的社会欠条,是社会对你过去行为的回报。
我们在人与人之间交换这些欠条;金钱就是我们如何交换财富的具现。
Money is how we transfer wealth
Money is how we transfer wealth. Money is social credits; it’s the ability to have credits and debits of other people’s time.
If I do my job right and create value for society, society says, “Oh, thank you. We owe you something in the future for the work that you did. Here’s a little IOU. Let’s call that money.”
That money gets debased because people steal the IOUs; the government prints extra IOUs; and people renege on their IOUs. But money tries to be a reliable IOU from society that you are owed something for something you did in the past.
We transfer these IOUs around; money is how we transfer wealth.
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Naval:财富是你想要的。财富是资产,资产在你睡觉时也能一直为你赚钱;它可以是工厂里的机器人为你生产东西。也可以是晚上也能一直服务客户的电脑程序。财富是银行里的钱,可以再投资到其他资产或生意当中。
房子也可以是一种财富,因为你可以将它出租出去。尽管这与经营企业比,是一种生产力较低的一种利用土地的方式。
我对财富的定义是在你睡觉时能为你赚钱的企业和资产。
财富是资产,资产在你睡觉时也能一直为你赚钱
Nivi:财富、金钱、地位有什么不同?Naval:财富是你想要的。财富是资产,资产在你睡觉时也能一直为你赚钱;它可以是工厂里的机器人为你生产东西。也可以是晚上也能一直服务客户的电脑程序。财富是银行里的钱,可以再投资到其他资产或生意当中。
房子也可以是一种财富,因为你可以将它出租出去。尽管这与经营企业比,是一种生产力较低的一种利用土地的方式。
我对财富的定义是在你睡觉时能为你赚钱的企业和资产。
Wealth is assets that earn while you sleep
Nivi: What’s the difference between wealth, money and status?
Naval: Wealth is the thing you want. Wealth is assets that earn while you sleep; it’s the factory of robots cranking out things. Wealth is the computer program running at night that’s serving other customers. Wealth is money in the bank that is reinvested into other assets and businesses.
A house can be a form of wealth, because you can rent it out; although that’s a less productive use of land than running a commercial enterprise.
My definition of wealth is oriented toward businesses and assets that can earn while you sleep.
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内容收集于我发布在tweetstorm上面的“How to Get Rich”(如何致富)。
Naval是一名丰富的科技投资人,同时也是AngelList的创始人
Nivi: 你可能通过Naval的Twitter账号认识他。
我们将会讨论他的推文“How To Get Rich (without getting lucky)”如何致富(不靠运气)。我们将通过详细讨论大部分推文,让Naval有机会进一步阐述概括这个主题。他也有可能抛出新的想法。
Naval是AngelList和Epinions的联合创始人。他是一名丰富的科技投资人,投资过Twitter、Uber等公司。
我和Naval共同创立了AngelList。也曾经一起撰写过Venture Hacks 博客。
Naval:“How to Get Rich”(如何致富)这篇推文显然戳中了很多人的痛点,并迅速走红。很多人说它非常有帮助,而且打破了圈层,引发了不同群体的共鸣。
不只是科技圈的人,几乎各行各业的人都想知道怎么解决财务上的困扰。大家都知道自己想变有钱,但很多人其实并没有一套靠谱的方法或原则去实现它。
去寻找财富,而非金钱和地位
财富是资产,资产在你你睡觉时也能一直为你赚钱Naval是一名丰富的科技投资人,同时也是AngelList的创始人
Nivi: 你可能通过Naval的Twitter账号认识他。
我们将会讨论他的推文“How To Get Rich (without getting lucky)”如何致富(不靠运气)。我们将通过详细讨论大部分推文,让Naval有机会进一步阐述概括这个主题。他也有可能抛出新的想法。
Naval是AngelList和Epinions的联合创始人。他是一名丰富的科技投资人,投资过Twitter、Uber等公司。
我和Naval共同创立了AngelList。也曾经一起撰写过Venture Hacks 博客。
Naval:“How to Get Rich”(如何致富)这篇推文显然戳中了很多人的痛点,并迅速走红。很多人说它非常有帮助,而且打破了圈层,引发了不同群体的共鸣。
不只是科技圈的人,几乎各行各业的人都想知道怎么解决财务上的困扰。大家都知道自己想变有钱,但很多人其实并没有一套靠谱的方法或原则去实现它。
A collection of all my interviews about my ‘How to Get Rich’ tweetstorm.
Seek Wealth, Not Money or Status
Wealth is assets that earn while you sleep
Naval is a prolific tech investor and founder of AngelList
Nivi: You probably know Naval from his Twitter account.
We’re going to talk about his tweetstorm, “How To Get Rich (without getting lucky).” We’ll go through most of the tweets in detail, give Naval a chance to expand on them and generally riff on the topic. He’ll probably throw in ideas he hasn’t published before.
Naval’s the co-founder of AngelList and Epinions. He’s also a prolific tech investor in companies like Twitter, Uber and many more.
I’m the co-founder of AngelList with Naval. And I co-authored the Venture Hacks blog with him back in the day.
Naval: The “How to Get Rich” tweetstorm definitely hit a nerve and went viral. A lot of people say it was helpful and reached across aisles.
People outside of the tech industry—people in all walks of life—want to know how to solve their money problems. Everyone vaguely knows they want to be wealthy, but they don’t have a good set of principles to do it by.
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